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Contributors
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- By Joanne R. Adler, David A. Alexander, Laurence Alison, Catherine C. Ayoub, Peter Banister, Anthony R. Beech, Amanda Biggs, Julian Boon, Adrian Bowers, Neil Brewer, Eric Broekaert, Paula Brough, Jennifer M. Brown, Kevin Browne, Elizabeth A. Campbell, David Canter, Michael Carlin, Shihning Chou, Martin A. Conway, Claire Cooke, David Cooke, Ilse Derluyn, Robert J. Edelmann, Vincent Egan, Tom Ellis, Marie Eyre, David P. Farrington, Seena Fazel, Daniel B. Fishman, Victoria Follette, Katarina Fritzon, Elizabeth Gilchrist, Nathan D. Gillard, Renée Gobeil, Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Jane Goodman-Delahunty, Lynsey Gozna, Don Grubin, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Helinä Häkkänen-Nyholm, Guy Hall, Nathan Hall, Roisin Hall, Sean Hammond, Leigh Harkins, Grant T. Harris, Camilla Herbert, Robert D. Hoge, Todd E. Hogue, Clive R. Hollin, Lorraine Hope, Miranda A. H. Horvath, Kevin Howells, Carol A. Ireland, Jane L. Ireland, Mark Kebbell, Michael King, Bruce D. Kirkcaldy, Heidi La Bash, Cara Laney, William R. Lindsay, Elizabeth F. Loftus, L. E. Marshall, W. L. Marshall, James McGuire, Neil McKeganey, T. M. McMillan, Mary McMurran, Joav Merrick, Becky Milne, Joanne M. Nadkarni, Claire Nee, M. D. O’Brien, William O’Donohue, Darragh O’Neill, Jane Palmer, Adria Pearson, Derek Perkins, Devon L. L. Polaschek, Louise E. Porter, Charlotte C. Powell, Graham E. Powell, Martine Powell, Christine Puckering, Ethel Quayle, Vernon L. Quinsey, Marnie E. Rice, Randall Richardson-Vejlgaard, Richard Rogers, Louis B Schlesinger, Carolyn Semmler, G. A. Serran, Ralph C. Serin, John L. Taylor, Max Taylor, Brian Thomas-Peter, Paul A. Tiffin, Graham Towl, Rosie Travers, Arlene Vetere, Graham Wagstaff, Helen Wakeling, Fiona Warren, Brandon C. Welsh, David Wexler, Margaret Wilson, Dan Yarmey, Susan Young
- Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 29 April 2010, pp xix-xxiii
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14 - Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional considerations: The role of information
- from Part three - Behavioral ecology and evolution
- Edited by Julia K. Parrish, University of Washington, William M. Hamner, University of California, Los Angeles
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- Book:
- Animal Groups in Three Dimensions
- Published online:
- 01 June 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 December 1997, pp 207-224
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Summary
Introduction
A great deal of attention has been devoted to measuring the three-dimensional structure of such animal aggregations as fish and invertebrate schools and bird flocks. Several ingenious techniques, including the shadow method (Dambach 1963; Cullen et al. 1965; Partridge 1980,1981; Partridge et al. 1980), split-frame photography (Cullen et al. 1965; Pitcher 1973, 1975; Healey & Prieston 1973), stereo photography (Symons 1971a, b; Major & Dill 1978; Dill et al. 1981; Hasegawa & Tsuboi 1981; Hasegawa 1982; Klimley & Brown 1983; Koltes 1984; Aoki et al. 1986; O'Brien et al. 1986; O'Brien 1989) and others, have been devised for this purpose. Jaffe (Ch. 2) and Osborn (Ch. 3) detail many of the current methods of three-dimensional data collection. These techniques can generate a large amount of data, sometimes more than one has the time or computing capacity to analyze properly.
Partly for this reason, it seems essential to formulate an hypothesis about aggregation structure before collecting the data. Without an a priori hypothesis, one can wander aimlessly through the database, trying out one transformation after another, seeking evidence of structural pattern. With perseverance and luck, something may emerge, but it will be a descriptive analysis of pattern, and no generality may be implied.
It is therefore surprising that, in contrast to the many detailed descriptive studies of aggregation structure which have been conducted, very little attention has been given to developing theoretical models of spacing behavior within groups. Such theory is needed to predict structural detail such as the preferred nearest neighbor distance, bearing, and elevation.